Stem Cell Research Essay - 1001 Words

Stem cell research is a growing field and it has brought major changes to the medical field, and could bring many more. There is no way to say at this point what all could be done with stem cells. The more research and the more technology just gives stem cell research an opening with no end. What is a stem cell? A stem cell is a cell that is undifferentiated, which means it can develop into any type of cell. There are three places stem cells can be obtained. They can be obtained from adult cells, bone marrow cells, and embryonic cells. According to the article on the website for The National Institute of Health on Stem Cell Research, stem cell research has been going on since the 1950’s (http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/basics/basics4.asp).†¦show more content†¦The second type of stem cell comes from bone marrow. Although extracting bone marrow stem cells results in some painful destruction of bone marrow, it is rich with stem cells. Obtaining stem cells from the periphe ral system does not damage the bone; however it does take longer to obtain the stem cells. In many cases time is an important factor which is why more adult stem cells are used rather than peripheral stem cells. The third type of stem cell is embryonic stem cells, and this is where the ethical concerns come in to play. The embryonic stem cells are extracted from an embryo before it has a chance to become differentiated. Although embryonic stem cells are some if the best stem cells to work with, because of where they come from, some people feel this crosses the line of ethics, because they feel the physicians are trying to play God. Physicians can also get stem cells from the umbilical cord. Some families have umbilical stem cells stored, just in case there is a need for them in the future. Since stem cells can be used in so many areas of medical treatment, it is ashamed that there is such a controversy over this. Stem cell research could be life changing or life saving because of al l the new things that can be done with stem cells. According to CBS News; body parts can now be manufacturedShow MoreRelatedStem Cell Research : Stem Cells1338 Words   |  6 Pages Stem Cells Stem cells are cells that are found throughout the human body. They reproduce over a long period of time without changing. Stem cells can produce specialized cells, such as brain, muscle or lung cells. Stem cells in the last few years have recently made a big debut because medical professionals have discovered so many unique qualities to stem cells. They are on the cutting edge of medicine because of all their uses and the qualities that make them so unique from any other cell in theRead MoreStem Cell Research : Stem Cells941 Words   |  4 PagesStem cells have the extraordinary power to develop into several body cell types during early growth and development. (Stem Cell Basics). Stem cells are either embryonic: from a human fetus, or somatic: from an adult (Stem Cell Basics).These cells can be used to rebuild body tissue, treat diseases, and even cure others. They can be more effective in treatment of illness than the common treatment, such as therapy or medication. Stem cells a re potentially more medically effective than traditional treatmentsRead MoreStem Cell Research : Stem Cells1416 Words   |  6 PagesSTEM CELLS In this report, I mainly focused on Stem-Cells. You will read about Stem-Cells and its history from the moment this term was known. Also, you will know the Sources, properties, and the types of Stem-Cells. In addition, you will know some of the pros and cons researches about Stem-Cells. Stem-Cells are cells that have the ability to divide and multiply and renew itself. †¢ Sources of Stem-Cells: 1- The first source is Bone Marrow. 2- The second source isRead MoreStem Cells And Stem Cell Research1310 Words   |  6 Pagesnonspecialized cells which have the potential to create other types of specific cells in order to survive? Those cells are called Stem Cells and they are very crucial to develop organisms. Stem cell research is a subject that most people in the world have a different viewpoint on. Some view the issue of stem cell research and stem cell therapy as morally wrong and a crime against humanity, others view the study of stem cells as the next step in modern science (Reeve.) I think in some twisted way, stem cellRead MoreStem Cell Research : Stem Cells1261 Words   |  6 Pagescure diseases. Now we have stem cell therapy. Stem cells promise future cures for many currently considered to be â€Å"incurable† diseases, but with more research, we can overcome the controversy surrounding this this topic and help people live longer, improve their quality of life, and save many many lives. To understand the big hype about stem cells, one must know what a stem cell is. Stem cells have specialized functions that have the potential to become any type of cell in the body. According toRead MoreStem Cell Research : Stem Cells1416 Words   |  6 PagesDana Moua English IV 25 April 2016 Stem Cell Research What are stem cells? Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that are found in multicellular organisms. The reason for scientist’s interest in stem cells is because of the possible applications of using them. These stem cells can be used to regrow organs/tissues. By using stem cells, scientists may be able to find cures for different cancers, certain genetic diseases, and different physical trauma damages. They can be used to treat a varietyRead MoreStem Cell Research : Stem Cells999 Words   |  4 PagesSTEM CELLS WORKING TO SPECIALIZE INTO CARDIAC CELLS Once the stem cells are delivered near the damaged areas of the heart, the regeneration of cardiac (heart) cells is possible. There is a lack of understanding on how or why specifically the stem cells turn into heart cells. â€Å"Recent studies indicated that the benefits associated with adult stem cell injection might come from paracrine effects, the effect of a nearby cell sending chemical and electrical signals to the stem cell, and not from myocardialRead MoreStem Research On Stem Cell Research1747 Words   |  7 PagesEnglish 111-36 25 November 2014 Stem Cell Research Stem cell research has cultivated a new, miraculous study in the health field. The study has led to an increase in curing diseases over the past couple of decades. Before stem cell research, diseases were destroying and devastating lives continuously on end. With the use of stem cells in modern time, diseases are no longer taking control of lives. The innovation in biomedical technology, such as stem cell research, has greatly impacted the understandingRead MoreStem Cell Research : Stem Cells1999 Words   |  8 Pagesregenerative medicine, commonly known as stem cell research. Stem cells are undifferentiated cells within the body that have the capability to specialize into any tissue. They are most commonly found in cord blood, bone marrow, organ donations, placenta, and embryos . Stem cells are seen by some as a new miracle treatment, encouraging many countries to invest in their research. The transfer of information, often shared through scientific reports and research, puts this topic in a highly internationalRead MoreStem Research On Stem Cell Research1271 Words   |  6 Pages! ! ! Stem Cells Research ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Jabaree Shipp English III NCVPS Mrs.Gallos 8, December 2014 ! ! ! ! ! ! Throughout most of our lifetime on Earth many have pondered the thought of how they and the things around them have been created. They wondered what makes grass grow to what makes themselves grow mentally and physically. Through extensive research and major advancements in technology over these years, decades, and centuries we still have no answer to our own questions. But, we do however

Multi Criteria Analysis of the Local Environmental Impacts of a Factory Free Essays

The chief constructs of this survey are environmental impact appraisal, environmental impact analysis, impact designation and significance finding. Environmental impact analysis is one of the phases of environmental impact appraisal ( EIA ) to inform determination shapers about the likely effects of their actions ( Sadler and McCabe, 2002 ; Wathern, 2013 ) . It includes impact designation and impact significance finding. We will write a custom essay sample on Multi Criteria Analysis of the Local Environmental Impacts of a Factory or any similar topic only for you Order Now Impact designation is the procedure of exemplifying cause and consequence relationship of a undertaking activities and their cardinal environmental facets, and needs a systematic expert cognition and judgement to qualify them ( Sadler and McCabe, 2002 ) . The cardinal environmental facets of this survey are activities that interacting straight with the environing environment and imposed environmental impacts in the two suppression and Pyro treating units of MCF. Significance is the strength of impacts that includes about the impacts’ beneficial or determiner, reversible or irreversible, repairable or irreparable, short-run or long-run, impermanent or uninterrupted, local, regional or planetary, inadvertent or planned, direct or indirect and cumulative or individual ( Canter A ; Canty, 1993 ) . Significance finding is a procedure of building judgements which is of import, desirable or acceptable of impacts ( Lawrence, 2007a A ; b ; Sippe, 1999 ) . It is besides a anticipation of impact magnitude ( Thompson, 1990 ) . In add-on, impact significance finding considered impact features such as magnitude, continuance, frequence, spacial distribution, reversibility, likeliness, nature and timing ( Beanlands A ; Duinker, 1983 ; McCabe, 2002 ) . In another instance, Canter A ; Canty ( 1993 ) related the impact significance finding with showing and scoping. The showing and scoping are performed before a undertaking execution to look into whether an environmental impact survey is needed or non. However, this survey chiefly focused on bing mill to make up one’s mind its farther monitoring and commanding way on the bing important impacts. Therefore, impact significance finding of this survey is the procedure of doing judgement about of import or desirableness of the impacts of the bing production procedure of the mill. It is the procedure of placing the local impacts of the two treating units ( Fig 1.1 ) by associating the causes and effects, and analysing it for farther attending and commanding mechanisms. By and large, environmental impact analysis of this survey is referred to the procedure of placing and analysing the defined impacts and provided indicants for the decisive organic structure to the effects of the exis ted production activities of the mill. Model of the survey This survey framed on the integrating of Multi Criteria Analysis ( MCA ) and perceptual experience study analysis to roll up and analyse informations about local environmental impacts of the mill ( Figure 2.1 ) . This model comprises the stairss of the multi-criteria analysis of the survey and how this integrates with perceptual experience study analysis. 1.1.1.Impact designation The first measure of the MCA for this survey was local impact designation that comprises designation of activities and environmental facets led to local environmental impacts. To place the local environmental impacts sing the overall cement production procedures of the mill are needed. It helps to find the chief activities performed to bring forth cement and their environmental facets. Face to confront interviews with the higher forces of the mill and literature were the beginning of informations for local impact designation. The higher forces included two procedure directors from crush and raw factory ( CRM ) and coal and kiln ( COK ) treating units and a deputy general director of the mill and they selected purposively. The interviewees had 10 to 16 old ages of work experience in the mill. The survey collected informations utilizing cardinal informant interview ( Annex 10 questionnaire II ) , site visit, structured questionnaire ( Annex 10 questionnaire I ) and literature reapprais al as informations aggregation instruments. The cardinal informant interview was integrated with site visits to understand the cardinal activity of each processing unit and their environmental facets and possible impacts. In add-on, it was supported by structured questionnaire about overall images of the mill. The collected informations about the impact designation was compiled utilizing the checklist. The checklist used to sum up the identified activities, environmental facets and possible impacts. This was taken topographic point by incorporating of the relationship of flow of procedure of activities and environment facets that resulted in impacts. 1.1.2.Criteria designation Standards are necessary to find the significance of impacts.Generally, standards features includemagnitude of the impact, continuance, frequence, spacial distribution, reversibility, likeliness, nature and timing ( Beanlands A ; Duinker, 1983 ; McCabe, 2002 ) . Hence, these features are wide and are used foranytype of impact, to be more specific on local environmental impacts this survey adopted six standards byKumar amp ; Armani ( 2012 ) listed inTable 2.1.These adopted standards are easy apprehensible by local stakeholders and all fulfills the standard demands listed by Dodgso, et Al. ( 2009 ) . These demands are completeness, avoids similarity and redundancy, selects of import to judge option /impacts in this study/ , gives precedence for impact comparing and rating, options are independent, avoids dual numeration, manageable standards size. The standards had a value ranged from one ( lower limit ) to ten ( Maximum ) on the Likert graduated table that made easier the respondents to set their judgements about the local impacts numerically. Table 2.1: Detail description of the adopted standards and scope of their value. Magnitude Happening Impact Detection Controls Legislation adopted The size or the extent of the impact Frequency of the impact The grade of consequence of the impact Feeling clip of the impacts or the consequence Controling steps to the beginning of the consequence taking in the mill The position of following with the states criterions 5 – severe 6-continuous 6– fatal to life 5-more than 24 hours 5– absence or no effectual control 10– no meeting statute law or control bound 3- centrist 5-several times a twenty-four hours 5-health effects 4– within 24 hours 4– mechanism but non dependable 1– in conformity 1- low 4– one time a twenty-four hours 4– affects vegetations and zoologies 3– within 8 hours 3-control needs human intercession 3– one time a hebdomad 3– resource ingestion 2– within 1 hours 2-has built-in secondary control 2-once a month 2– uncomfortableness 1– instantly 1– available and effectual at beginning 1-very rare 1– negligible ocular impact 1.1.3.Burdening standards Following to following the standard was burdening of these standards which is specifying the comparative importance of the standards to judge the local impacts. In this survey weighting was determined through ranking of the standards by experts found in different sectors of the regional province, such as Tigray Environmental Protection, Land Administration and Use Agency ( TEPLAUA ) , Bureau of Labor and Social Affairs ( BoLSA ) , Bureau of Urban Development, Trade and Industry ( BoUDTI ) and Bureau of Health ( BoH ) . Data was collected in a structured questionnaire ( Annex 11 questionnaire II ) . The experts were selected purposively from the sectors. These sectors are selected, because they have responsible experts to measure and command the mills in the Tigray regional province. Based on the features of the experts, 80 % of the experts were master degree holders in different field specialisation. The experts’ work experience was 60 % 1-5 old ages, 40 % above 5 old ages. Th e 90 % of the experts were responsible to measure and command mill, in relation to environmental issues. The ranks were converted to burden utilizing the expression specified in equation 1. It was analyzed utilizing Rank Order Centroid ( ROC ) method ( Barron A ; Barrett, 1996 ; Edwards A ; Barron, 1994 ) . This is a procedure of change overing the ranks given by the experts into weights [ 1 ] of each single rank for each standard, and so calculated the mean weight ( WI) for each standard among each other. img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1138643.001.png"i= 1, 2†¦ , 6.( Equation1) Where WIis the weight for each IThursdaystandards, N is the figure of standards and K is a rank given by experts. 1.1.4.Scoring environmental facets After burdening, the following measure was hiting to the identified environmental facets. The beginning of informations for this measure was employees in the mill, and the information was collected in a structured questionnaire ( Annex 11 questionnaire IV and V ) . The employees selected utilizing a bunch sample method by constellating them in three working displacements. Then, ten employees were selected utilizing a simple random method from each displacement which is a sum of 60 employees ( 30 from CRM and 30 from COK ) from the mill. Respondents are characterized: in CRM, 40 % sheepskin and 60 % grade holders, and their working experiences are the 30 % 1-5 old ages, 33 % 6-10years and 37 % above 10 old ages. In COK: 57 % sheepskin and 43 % degree holders. Wholly participants were 48 % sheepskin and 52 degree holder employees participate in hiting. Their on the job experience was 30 % employees had 1-5 old ages, 38 % employees 6-10 old ages and 32 % employees had above 10 old ages. The mark given for each impacts by each employee is calculated its norm by ratio method ( RM ) . The RM was calculated the mean mark utilizing the amount of entire respondents replied to each mark multiplied by the value given in the Likert graduated table and divided by the entire figure of respondents participated in hiting ( equation 2 ) . img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1138643.002.png"( Equation2) Where OmegaIis mean mark of IThursdayidentified impacts, RNis the figure of respondents replied to the mark of IThursdayimpact and VIis the given value in the Likert graduated table of the IThursdaystandard ( Table2.1 ) . RoentgenThymineentire figure of respondents participated in marking. 1.1.5.Accumulating end products The cumulative grade of impact of each activity calculated from the end products of ROC and RM. They combined utilizing comparative significance ( equation 3 ) ( Deng et al, 2011: Noah A ; Lee, 2003 ) . img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1138643.003.png"( Equation3) Whereimg alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1138643.004.png"is a comparative significance of impactsimg alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1138643.005.png"is the weight for IThursdaystandards andimg alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1138643.006.png"is the deliberate mean mark of IThursdayidentified impact on the Kithstandards. Note that the scope of standards ‘legislation adoption’ was modified to ‘1’ for the mean mark 1-2, ‘2’ for 3-4, ‘3’ for 5-6, ‘4’ for 7-8 and ‘5’ for 9-10. It keeps the comparison of the standards during taking the combined consequence of the merchandise summing up of the tonss and weights. For impact significance finding, benchmark scene is necessary to place the ‘significant’ and ‘insignificant’ impacts by comparing cumulative consequences of impact significance finding against the stated benchmark ( Table 2.2 ) . This helps to find what and where betterments are needed. Table 2.2: The manner of puting benchmarks of the survey. Standards Tot Respondent 50 % Mark Standards Weight Combination 50 % mark A ; The weight of standards Magnitude 30 2.5 0.176 0.4 Happening 3.0 0.204 0.6 Impact 3.0 0.326 1.0 Detection 2.5 0.127 0.3 Controls 2.5 0.111 0.3 Legislation adopted 3.0 0.103 0.3 Decisive value 2.9 Table 2.2 shows the procedure of benchmarking to find the significance of the impacts. Benchmark decided by presuming the 50 % scope value of the standards in the Likert graduated table given as a mark. Consequently, the survey sets 2.9 as benchmark to make up one’s mind the significance of possible impacts. The deliberate weight utilizing ROC is straight used for the benchmarking. When the combined consequence of the impacts equal or less than 2.9 it is undistinguished and if the consequence is greater than 2.9 it is important and needs farther controlling and monitoring steps. 1.1.6.Perception study analysis This survey did perceptual experience study analysis to compare the community perceptual experience on the impacts with the consequences of the employees about the significance of the local environmental impacts of the mill. The survey used local community ‘s families as a beginning of informations to the study analysis. In the study a sum of 120 local communities’ from entire population of 1122 families were participated and selected indiscriminately. These families were 68.3 % male households’ caputs and the remainder were female households’ caputs. Their age was 75 % in the age scope of 31-50 old ages, 17.5 % in more than 51 old ages and 7.5 % in the age of 18-30 old ages. The 65.0 % of the families can read and compose and the staying completed primary and high school instruction. The 99.2 % of the participant family has lived in the topographic point since their birth. The distance of the respondent’s place from the mill, 52.5 % of the responden ts are populating at a distance of above 200 metres radius the remainder 33.3 % and 14.2 % respondents are populating within 101-200m and 100 m radius ( Annex 10 Table 9.1 ) . The Data was collected from the families utilizing structured interview ( Annex11 questionnaire VI ) . Descriptive statistic ( means, frequence, per centum and count ) was used to analyse the collected information from the local community in the SPSS statistical bundle. Note that the community perceptual experience on environmental impacts assessed their understanding utilizing ‘disagree’ , ‘not much’ and ‘agree’ . However, the ‘not much’ count is included to ‘disagree’ count on the presented informations, because it was perceived that similar account between ‘not much’ and ‘disagree’ during informations aggregation ( Annex 10 Table 9.3 ) . 1.1.7.Examine consequences This is the procedure of impact significance finding from the overall gathered and processed informations. It is a measure that determined the cardinal environmental facets and their effect, and is identified the beginnings from bing activities’ of the treating units. In add-on, it is correlated to the consequences of other bookmans and within the consequences of this survey. In add-on, it is the procedure of set uping the decision of this survey. How to cite Multi Criteria Analysis of the Local Environmental Impacts of a Factory, Essay examples

Employment Relations Business Obligations and Entitlements

Question: Describe about the Employment Relations for Business Obligations and Entitlements. Answer: 1. Some similarities between UK and Ireland in the Employment Relationship of their employees are History of the collective participation in UK and Ireland For many years, the policy of government in Ireland was as similar as UK. The only difference was the different religious belief and opinions of politics. The laws passed in UK are also enacted in Ireland. For example, the race ratios order. Some laws like data protection act and the disability discrimination act had been applied and passed to both the nations. If we talk about obligations and entitlements, they are same in both the countries. The government not only focuses on the interest of employees but also on the benefits of company. Its basis provides a legal frame to the companies and develops a mutual trust and understanding between the parties. Work councils try to build up healthy relations between the employees and employers. Even the general employment rights of employees are almost similar. For example- there must be a reference in a contact of employment that is a part of employment right order and not of employment right act (Walthery, 2014). The influence of current collective participation in UK and Ireland The continuity and pervasive restructuring of organization is the result of collective participation. The concern for trade unions is also increasing due to this. There is an increase in the public authorities as found by the researchers. To cope up with the quality, capital and goods and services, there is a need to change policies and strategies. The reasons of changes are technology, changes in the demand of customers, globalization, etc. the process of collective participation is a continuous process in which restructuring takes place so that effectiveness can be invited in the organizations (Chand, 2016). 2. The differences between organized and unorganized labor in India S. NO. BASIS ORGANIZED SECTOR UNORGANIZED SECTOR 1. Terms and conditions In an organized sector the terms for the employment are clearly mentioned before. They are fixed and regularity maintained and the work that is provided is assured in nature. While the unorganized sector is just opposite from the above as no terms and conditions are fixed and regular. 2 Act The organized sector is maintained and governed by certain acts like employment act, factories act, PF act, bonus act, Minimum wages act, etc. This type of sector is not governed by any act. 3 Rules and regulations of the government The rules and regulations of the government are strictly and thoroughly followed by this sector In this sector, no rules and regulations are followed as they are formed by the owners only. 4 Salary and wages Regular salary after every month Daily wages 5 Security of job There is job security in organized sector There is no job security. 6 Basis of salary Under this, the salary is according to the norms of government There is no government interference 7 benefits Employees gets benefit like pension, medical facilities, travel compensation, accommodation etc. There are no benefits provided to unorganized sector Similarities S.NO. BASIS ORGANIZED SECTOR UNORGANIZED SECTOR 1 Productivity The work of the labor is productive. In this too, the employees provide good productivity 2 Performance The performance is good The performance is good as the employees are not bound 3 Industry size Size can be similar it depends on the nature of the business. In this type of sector, size remains same as organized sector. The key factors of Indian employment relations of India The employer-employee relation is dependent on the relations between the two parties. It not only includes the individual relations but also the collective relation between them. The relation is also dependant on the complexities and multi-dimensional concepts. 3. Employment relation As we know, that no organization can run and perform its operations with the chair and tables only. They need employees as a human asset in the organization so that work can be done. It refers to relationship that each and every employee of an organization shares with each other. It is very relevant that the employees should work hard and the aim of the organization must be their own aim (Carroll and Miller, 2006). Characteristics of employment relation The employer-employee relation is dependent on the relations between the two parties. It not only includes the individual relations but also the collective relation between them. The relation is also depends on the complexities and multi-dimensional concepts. Employer-employee relations includes a developing and dynamic concepts too (Brody and Bowman, 2014). Some key factors are- There must be a healthy relation between the employees and employers so that it can help them in a longer way to motivate each other and help to increase the confidence and morale of the employees. The employers must value the employees and treat them as an asset of the organization. There must be an adjustment between the employees and they should compromise for the other employees of the organization as the best level (Das, 2010). Each and every employee should enter at the workplace with positive vibes and frame of mine so that he can work calmly and coordinate with others. It helps them to avoid the small issues that take place in the organization (Suzuki, 2010). The employees must behave properly and calmly with other employees There should be a friendly relation between the employers and the employees of an organization. 4.) The similarities in the arbitration and collective bargaining in Australia and New Zealand Earlier, in 1980s New Zealand police were similar to Australia. In 1984, the government had rejected the formal income policies and by 1991, they had introduced a new conservative policy of employment contracts act. In 1990, the IR policies of New Zealand and Australia were divergent. In 2000, the new employment relations act replaced ECA by the incoming government of labor that moves to collective bargaining from individual contract (Fuchs, 2001). There should be a helping atmosphere of an organization. It will help to bring harmony in the working environment. The Good relations of the employees lead to effectiveness and efficiency in the organization. The main changes in the arbitration and collective bargaining in Australia and New Zealand Earlier, in 1900, the arbitration system had taken a rapid growth of unions and association of labor that was developed on the basis of craft. Currently, there is a decline in the membership of union and increase in non-standard employment. In 1927 ACTU was formed ad in 1987 NZCTU is formed. They should try to accomplish the goals and objectives of the organization by a proper coordination and cooperation among them. There should be harmony, compliments of positive nature, and work as a single unit. The fair work commissions of Australia and New Zealand is working on arbitration and conciliation process. They also introduced centralize wages system. The basic wages is decides through the breadwinner model of 1907. This model is applied in the places where there is any harm taking place to the parties or any wage negotiation. 5.) The trade unions role and their development over the last few years in Qatar Qatar is one of the members of the International Labor Organization since the year 1972 but it did not authorize the freedom of association and protection of the right to convention, 1948 and the right to organize and the right of collective bargaining convention, 1949. In Qatar, the trade unions were established by the government of the same in the year of 1957that was a response of strikes taking place by the workers of the country at the petroleum of Qatar. It was announced by the Emir in the year 2004 that no worker is allowed to go for strike or to form any kind of trade union. They promote an international framework that is legal in nature so that fair and stable rights can be enhanced. They set some standards according to which work has to be done so that the improvement can been traced out in the performance of labor as well as in the economy of the country. The main objective is to provide safety and security to the labor and to remove the poverty. There were many additional reforms that takes place and a rule was made that an individual who is 16 or below 16 is not allowed to do job, working time is 8 hours, there must be equal rights for the men and women of the country, and women have equal rights against men. Many organizations like International Transport Workers' Federation and the International Trade Union Confederation oppose that 2004 policies were unable to be applied by the government. In this way, they improved the policies for Qatar airlines and its employees. They also make new policies for the migrant workers of Qatar (Mattson, 2008). 6.) International Labor Organization (ILO) Unlike, the other agencies of united nation, the international labor organization is one of the tripartite that deals with not only the national standards but also the international standards of labor of all over the world. It has 187 members in which 186 members are of UN and other are of Cook Islands. It provides many facilities to the labor of the world so that they can realize their rights and duties and used them for their benefits (Rolf, Schlachter and Welbourne, 2016). The roles of International Labor Organization (ILO) The international labor organization is playing a vital and significant role as it tries to bring up the companies, governments and the trade unions together so that improvement can takes place in the working environment. They motivate the employees to perform better and provide key roles to them (Mumma, 2001). Challenges and the history of ILO The ILO was formed at the time of World War I in the year 1919 by the professionals, ideals and experienced people. ILO has faced many obligations and the agitation from the government and other groups. They had started the first programme to protect the international labor during the war time (Millward, Bryson and Forth, 2000). Members and the membership of ILO It has 187 state members in which 186 members are belongs to UN and others are from the Cook Islands. The UN members who are not of the member of ILO are North Korea, Bhutan, Nauru, etc. Any members of UN can become member with ILO. Others can enter by two-third votes from the delegation team of ILO in the conference of the same. The league national members automatically become the members of ILO. Benefits of ILO for countries belong to it ILO is becoming more prominent with the challenges faced by it. They provide many types of benefits to labor like they show a decent path to work. It is a dual side task performed as they not only see to the benefits of labor but also of the companies and organizations as well. This organization is a total sum of international knowledge, skills and experience (Stackel, 2010). 7. Work councils in Germany In Germany, there is legal basis on which the workplace of organizations is represented. The first act in Germany for labor was Work constituent act 2001, which was set up for the private sectors with only 5 employees. Its main role is to give equal rights and information to the labor. They also develop such activities that help to build up the ability of labor and enhance them to participate in the work. In Germany, the work councils are not the direct bodies but stills have a great influence on the operations (Rasmussen, 2004). The role of workers council in Germany Work councils provide a representation to the workers and employees working in the organization. It performs many other functions related to the labor like protection of labor and the rights, social protection, opportunity to work, etc. The idea behind this was to promote a makeable society to the labors. Gradually, it becomes one of the most important instruments in promotion of social reforms into the practice. They also have some substantial powers to the work force at the work place, provides their rights of veto on some issues (Linenberger, 2010). Structure of work councils Number employed Number of works council members 5-20 1 21-50 3 51-100 5 101-200 7 201-400 9 401-700 11 701-1,000 13 1,001-1,500 15 Reasons due to which countries use workers council The aim of work councils is to ensure that some of the decisions related to employees are not taken by the employers. While taking decision, there must be a representative who makes wise decisions on behalf of both the parties. It provides mainly two types of rights to the employee: Right to participate that depicts that the employees must be informed and should be consulted for problems and issues, they can give their ideas and proposals to the employers, these rights are known as co- determination rights. It represents that the decision cannot takes place in against of the right and wishes of the work force (Grahl and Teague, 2003). 8. US and Canada similarities and differences Similarities The United State and Canada are the two largest states of world. They are neighbor states of North America that shares a friendly bond with each other. The Niagara Falls that is one of the largest falls of the world is at the border and they enjoy the tourism of world together (Geare and Edgar, 2007). It is playing a vital and significant role as it tries to bring up the companies, governments and the trade unions together so that improvement can takes place in the working environment. They motivate the employees to perform better and provide key roles to them Differences The style of government of both the courtiers is different but they both are the democratic nations. In Canada, the official languages that are used are French and English while in United States, the official language is English only. In United States, many of the government services are provided to Spanish speaking individuals due to its large Hispanic population diversification (Rose, 2004). S. NO. BASIS CANADA US 1 FEATURES OF ER Decentralized 10 Canadian provinces Multi party system Standard of living 250 unions Collective bargain Large service sector Strong growth of economy Low inflation High income Large companies Least role of state No labor bargaining power 2 EMPLOYERS Accept the role of union Paternalism and coercion Dominant Union avoidance activities 3 LABOR MOVEMENT Steady growth of labor Unions of labor Focus on economic benefits 4 UNIONS Accept the role of union Long history of unions Low density Well develop activity Collective bargaining 5 GOVERNMENT Combination of government and union management legislation Bargaining Separate legislation Employer Direct regulation Interaction References Brody, H. and Bowman, C. (2014). Supreme Court Issues Decisions on Employee Compensation: Defining Changing Clothes and Taxable Wages. Employment Relations Today, 41(2), pp.69-74. Carroll, S. and Miller, S. (2006). 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